4-Aminobenzoic acid

4-Aminobenzoic acid
IUPAC name

4-Aminobenzoic acid
Other names

para-Aminobenzoic acid; p-Aminobenzoic acid; PABA; Vitamin Bx; Bacterial vitamin H1
Identifiers
CAS number 150-13-0 Y
PubChem 978
ChemSpider 953 Y
UNII TL2TJE8QTX Y
DrugBank DB02362
KEGG D02456 Y
ChEBI CHEBI:30753 Y
ChEMBL CHEMBL542 Y
Jmol-3D images Image 1
Properties
Molecular formula C7H7NO2
Molar mass 137.14 g mol−1
Appearance White-grey crystals
Density 1.374 g/mL
Melting point

187–189 °C
Solubility in water 1 g/170 mL (25 °C)
1 g/90 mL (90 °C)
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Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox references

4-Aminobenzoic acid (also known as para-aminobenzoic acid or PABA because the number 4 carbon in the benzene ring is also known as the para position) is an organic compound with the formula H2NC6H4CO2H. PABA is a white grey crystalline substance that is only slightly soluble in water. It consists of a benzene ring substituted with an amino group and a carboxyl group.

Contents

Production and occurrence

In industry, PABA is prepared mainly by two routes: reduction of 4-nitrobenzoic acid and the Hoffman degradation of the monoamide derived from terephthalic acid.[1]

Food sources of PABA include liver, brewer's yeast (and unfiltered beer), kidney, molasses, mushrooms, and whole grains.[2]

Biology

Biochemistry

PABA is an intermediate in the bacterial synthesis of folate. It has been referred to as Vitamin Bx.[3] Some bacteria in the human intestinal tract such as E. coli generate PABA from chorismate.[4] However, humans lack the enzymes to convert PABA to folate, and therefore require a dietary supply of folate, unless they have E. coli that produce folate from PABA.[5] In humans that have E. coli that produce both PABA and folate, PABA is considered nonessential and is not recognized as a vitamin.[6]

Sulfonamide drugs are structurally similar to PABA, and their antibacterial activity is due to their ability to interfere with the conversion of PABA to folate by the enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase. Thus, bacterial growth is limited through folate deficiency without effect on human cells.

Medical use

The potassium salt is used as a drug against fibrotic skin disorders, such as Peyronie's disease, under the trade name Potaba.[7] PABA is also occasionally used in pill form by sufferers of irritable bowel syndrome to treat its associated gastrointestinal symptoms, and in nutritional epidemiological studies to assess the completeness of 24-hour urine collection for the determination of urinary sodium, potassium, or nitrogen levels.

Nutritional supplement

Despite the lack of any recognized syndromes of PABA deficiency in humans, many claims of benefit are made by commercial suppliers of PABA as a nutritional supplement. Benefit is claimed for fatigue, irritability, depression, weeping eczema (moist eczema), scleroderma (premature hardening of skin), patchy pigment loss in skin (vitiligo), and premature grey hair.[8]

Oral supplements of PABA can make the skin less sensitive to sun damage.

Commercial and industrial use

PABA mainly finds use in the biomedical sector. Other uses include its conversion to specialty azo dyes and crosslinking agents.

In the past, PABA was widely used in sunscreens as a UV filter. It is a UVB absorber, meaning that it can absorb wavelengths between 290-320 nm. [9] Patented in 1943, PABA was one of the first active ingredients to be used in sunscreen.[10] The first in vivo studies on mice showed that PABA reduced UV damage. In addition, PABA was shown to protect against skin tumors in rodents.[11] Animal and in vitro studies in the early 1980s suggested PABA might increase the risk of cellular UV damage.[12] On the basis of these studies as well as problems with allergies and clothing discoloration, PABA fell out of favor as a sunscreen. However, water-insoluble PABA derivatives such as padimate O are currently used in some products.

Safety considerations

PABA is largely nontoxic, the median lethal dose of PABA in dogs (oral) is 2 g/kg.[1] Allergic reactions to PABA can occur. PABA is formed in the metabolism of certain ester local anesthetics, and many allergic reactions to local anesthetics are the result of reactions to PABA.[13]

References

  1. ^ a b Maki, T.; Takeda, K. (2000). "Benzoic Acid and Derivatives". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a03_555.  edit
  2. ^ Nutritional Health Resource
  3. ^ "Para-aminobenzoic acid poisoning". National Institute of Health: National Library of Medicine. 2007. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002518.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-19. 
  4. ^ Folate Synthesis (Abstract)
  5. ^ In vivo Folate Production
  6. ^ Para-aminobenzoic acid: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
  7. ^ "Compound Summary on PubChem". PubChem. National Institute of Health: National Library of Medicine. 2006. http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=978. Retrieved 2006-04-05. 
  8. ^ Health Library (Supplements) PABA
  9. ^ Melanoma Madness The scientific flap over sunscreens and skin cancer -- Chemical studies, Science News Online, 6/6/98 (accessed 10/1/2009, 2009)
  10. ^ F. P.; Mitchnick, M.; Nash, J. F. A Review of Sunscreen Safety and Efficacy Photochem. Photobiol. 1998, 68, 243 <last_page> 256.
  11. ^ H.; Thune, P.; Eeg Larsen, T. The inhibiting effect of PABA on photocarcinogenesis Arch. Dermatol. Res. 1990, 282, 38 <last_page> 41
  12. ^ Osgood, Pauline J.; Moss, Stephen H.; Davies, David J. G. (1982). "The Sensitization of Near-Ultraviolet Radiation Killing of Mammalian Cells by the Sunscreen Agent Para-aminobenzoic Acid". Journal of Investigative Dermatology 79 (6): 354. doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12529409. PMID 6982950. 
  13. ^ Toxicity, Local Anesthetics: eMedicine Emergency Medicine

External links

Sunscreening agents approved by the US FDA or other agencies
UVA: 400–315 nm • UVB: 315–290 nm • chemical agents unless otherwise noted
UVA filters
UVB filters
UVA+UVB filters